Panoply - Water

Measurement of δ18O of liquid water and ice.

2015-06-08T11:47:41+00:00

Isotope ratio mass spectrometer Finningan MAT252 coupled to an equilibration bench

Description of the instrument:

Water samples (3mL) are equilibrated for 8 hours with CO2. The gas is then introduced in the mass spectrometer in dual inlet mode. Each sample is measured with respect to a laboratory standard for 15 min.

Generally speaking, in a mass spectrometer, the molecules are ionized in the source, accelerated in an electric field, and deviated depending on the mass to charge ratio by a magnetic field. Three faraday cages are placed at the outlet, and are aligned with mass 44, 45, 46 (for CO2).

Principle of the analysis:

http://www.thermo.com.cn/Resources/200802/File_28763.pdf

Type of analysis performed on this instrument:

This instrument is dedicated to the routine analysis of the oxygen isotopic composition (¹⁸O) of natural waters.

Analytical uncertainty: 2 = 0.05‰ for ¹⁸O

Contacts :

Bénédicte Minster

Measurement of δ18O and δ2H of liquid water and ice

2015-07-27T12:04:28+00:00

Laser spectrometer for water isotope measurements Picarro (L2130-i)

Description of the instrument:

This analyzer uses Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopy (CRDS) to quantify spectral features of gas phase molecules (H₂¹⁶O, H₂¹⁸O and HD¹⁶O) in an optical cavity.

Samples are automatically injected (2 microliters) in a vaporization module at 110°C before they are sent to the laser cavity. The measurement time for each sample is 9 minutes.

Principle of the analysis:

https://www.picarro.com/products/l2130i_isotope_and_gas_concentration_analyzer

Type of analysis performed on this instrument:

This instrument is dedicated to the routine analysis of the oxygen isotopic composition (¹⁸O and D) of natural waters.

Analytical precision :

1 = 0.2‰ for ¹⁸O

1 = 0.7‰ for D

Contacts :

Bénédicte Minster

Measurement of δ18O, δ17O and δ2H of liquid water and ice.

2015-07-27T12:58:22+00:00

Laser spectrometer for water isotope measurements including 17O-excess Picarro (L2140-i)

Description of the instrument:

This analyzer uses Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopy (CRDS) to quantify spectral features of gas phase molecules (H₂¹⁶O, H₂¹⁸O H₂¹⁷O and HD¹⁶O) in an optical cavity.

Samples are automatically injected (2 microliters) in a vaporization module at 110°C before they are sent to the laser cavity. The measurement time for each sample is 9 minutes, and several hours for the combined analysis of ¹⁷O – ¹⁸O.

Principle of the analysis:

https://www.picarro.com/isotope_analyzers/h2o_isotopes_liquid_and_vapor

Type of analysis performed on this instrument:

This instrument is dedicated to the routine analysis of the oxygen isotopic composition (¹⁸O, ¹⁷O and D) of natural waters.

Analytical precision:

1 = 0.2‰ for ¹⁸O

1 = 0.7‰ for D

1 = 10 ppm for ¹⁷O-excess

Contacts:

Frédéric Prié

Measurement of δ15N - N2, δ18O - O2, δ40Ar/36Ar, δ40Ar/38Ar and δ17O - O2 in air.

2015-10-23T06:20:59+00:00

Isotope ratio mass spectrometer MAT 253 / Possibility to couple it with extraction, purification and fluorination lines.

(Example of a sample preparation line)

Description of the instrument :

Generally speaking, in a mass spectrometer, the molecule are ionized in the source, accelerated in an electric field, and deviated depending on the mass to charge ratio by a magnetic field. Ten faraday cages are placed at the outlet, and are aligned with masses 28, 29, 30 ; 32, 33, 34 ; 36, 38, 40 ; 82, 86. Measurements are performed in dual-inlet mode : regularly alternating between sample and standard measurements.

This instrument can be coupled to a gas extraction line, to separate gases trapped in ice cores, and to various purification systems, including a chromatography column, and adsorption systems. It can also be coupled to a water fluorination line for ¹⁷O-excess measurements. At the outlet of these different purification lines, gas samples are trapped in liquid helium, and subsequently introduced in the sample bellows of the mass spectrometer.

Principe of the analysis:

http://www.thermoscientific.com/en/product/mat-253-stable-isotope-ratio-mass-spectrometer.html

Type of analysis performed on this instrument:

δ¹⁵N of N₂ in air (1s = 5 ppm)
δ¹⁸O of O₂ in air (1 s = 15 ppm)
δ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, d⁴⁰Ar/³⁸Ar in air (1 s = 20 ppm)
Δ¹⁷O of O₂ in air (1 s = 5 ppm)
¹⁷O-excess of H₂O (1 s = 5 ppm)

Contacts:

Frédéric Prié frederic.prie[a]lsce.ipsl.fr

Amaelle Landais Amaelle.Landais[a]lsce.ipsl.fr

Analyzes of major cations and metallic elements concentrations in water and sediments or rocks

2015-12-15T08:32:01+00:00

Agilent Technologies AAS 240 FS and GTA 120

Flame or Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometer to analyze cation concentrations (Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Pt, Sb, Sn, Sr, Zn)

Description of the instrument

The Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (Agilent Technologies AAS 240 FS and GTA 120) can measure the concentrations of many elements. Depending on the concentrations of the solutions, it can be used in flame mode or in graphite furnace mode. It is equipped with automatic diluters (flame/oven) and autosamplers (flame/oven).

Principle of analysis

A liquid sample is injected as a mist into a flame (in flame mode) or a drop is placed in a graphite furnace (in graphite furnace mode). The heat vaporizes the elements contained in the sample and excites their atoms. These disrupt a light signal by reducing its intensity (absorption) or by emitting photons (emission). The light emitted by a hollow cathode lamp(s) or by the electrons of the excited atoms is sent via a set of mirrors and a crystal lattice to a detector which performs an optical measurement of the signal compared to a signal of undisturbed reference. The difference in light intensity is proportional to the concentration of the element in the solution. Calibration is done by injecting a standard solution to obtain the appropriate range. See principle of measurement here: http://spin.mines-stetienne.fr/sites/default/files/specatom.pdf

Analyzes carried out on the instrument

Major cations (Ca, Mg, Na and K) between 0.05 and 100 ppm in flame with an accuracy of +/- 5%;
Metals (Al, As, Ba, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Pt, Sb, Sn, Sr, Zn) between 0.01 and 1000 ppm in flame depending on the elements and a few tens of ppt to a few tens of ppb in graphite furnace mode for some elements with an accuracy of +/- 5%;
Only liquid solutions (filtered and acidified) are analyzed but it is possible to measure solutions of acid attack on rocks, sediments or other solid samples.

Contacts

Gaël Monvoisin : + 33 (0)1.69.15.71.74 / gael.monvoisin@universite-paris-saclay.fr

Fundings

CNRS – INSU / University Paris-Sud : AAS flame Year 2010 – AAS graphite furnace Year 2012

Analyzes of the concentration of major anions in solution

2015-12-15T08:35:49+00:00

Dionex ICS 1000

Ionic Chromatography for anion concentrations analysis (F^-, Cl^-, NO₂^-, Br^-, NO₃^-, PO₄^3-, SO₄^2-)

Description of instrument:

Ionic chromatography (Dionex ICS 1000) measures the anion concentrations of solutions. The separation of anions can be done on different columns depending on the matrix and ions of interest.

Principle of analysis:

A liquid sample (filtered) is introduced, from the autosampler, into an injection loop, then through a column separating the ions which arrive, one after the other, separated by the column, on a detection cell (here conductimetry). The concentration of the anions is determined in relation to a previously established calibration range.

See measurement principle here :

http://tools.thermofisher.com/content/sfs/manuals/Man-031879-ICS-1000-Ion-Chromatography-Man031879-EN.pdf

Analyzes carried out on the instrument:

Major anions (F^-, Cl^-, NO₂^-, Br^-, NO₃^-, PO₄^3-, SO₄^2-) between 0.05 and 100 ppm depending on the elements with an accuracy of +/- 5%, only on liquid solutions (filtered).

Contacts:

Gaël Monvoisin : +33 (0)1.69.15.71.74 / gael.monvoisin[a}universite-paris-saclay.fr

Fundings:

University Paris-Sud: Year 2005

Isotopic analysis of U, Th, Pa, Pb, Ac, Ra, Sr, Nd, B and Li in various natural or archeological materials (carbonates, apatite, waters, sediments)

2015-10-27T12:16:16+00:00

Multi-Collector - Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry

MC-ICPMS Neptune^Plus Thermofisher Scientific

MC-ICPMS Neptune ^Plus (2010)

Laser ESI –NWR 193 nm (2011)

Characteristics of Instrumentation:

The MC-ICPMS Neptune^Plus is a mass spectrometer (MS) with a source of Argon plasma (ICP), a dual focusing (electrostatic field + magnetic field) and a multi-collection (MC). This mass spectrometer allows the precise measurement of stable, radiogenic or radioactive isotopes for many chemical elements of the Periodic Table in natural archives (waters, carbonates, apatites, sediments, soils, rocks, etc.). The high ionization efficiency of the Plasma source gives it a great sensitivity. Its dual focusing ensures good transmission of the ion beam and offers us the ability to work at low, medium or high resolution (suppression of some isobaric interferences). Finally, the high stability of multi-collection provides an excellent analytical accuracy on isotopic ratios (external reproducibility ranging from a few tens of ppm to sub- ‰). Another advantage is that the plasma source, opened to the atmosphere, allows us to introduce and analyze samples in liquid form after chemistry (micro-nebulizers, desolvating systems) or directly on solids (Ablation Laser coupling). Main fields of application are geochronology (U-Th dating), marine geochemistry and paleoceanography (Pa, Th, U, Ra, Nd isotopes), carbon cycle in ocean and the impact of ocean acidification (B, Th, Si isotopes), isotopic characterization of volcanic or sedimentary rocks or some developments in archeology (Nd, Sr, Pb or even Cu, Zn, Fe Isotopes).

Principle of Measurement:

In solution, the sample is aspirated and injected by a spray nebulizer into a "Plasma" source of argon at 6000-8000°K and atmospheric pressure. At this high temperature, the elements are ionized. Transferred by an interface (sampler and skimmer cones), the ions are accelerated under primary and then secondary vacuum to form an ion beam with a final energy of up to 10 keV. The beam is filtered in energy (electrostatic sector), then in mass (magnetic sector) according to the ratio m/z. The isotopes are detected by a multi-collector system with 15 detectors (9 Faraday cages, 1 SEM and 5 CDD). The isotopes and ratios are then measured and calculated at high precision simultaneously on several detectors. Obtained external reproducibilities are of a few tens of ppm for the isotopes of Sr, Nd, from 0.05 to a few 0.1 ‰ for Li, B isotopes or of the order of 1 ‰ for systems with low isotopic ratios (U and Th isotopes). The central cage ion beam can switch over to the central ion counter (SEM) if the signal is too low, making it possible, for example, to measure the isotopes ²³⁰Th and ²³⁴U, isotopes essential for U-Th dating. For few isotopic systems (Si, Fe or more generally transition metals), measurements are carried out in medium or high resolution in order to separate the analyzed isotopes from potential isobaric interferences. In such configuration, signal intensity is decreased but resolving power can be increased by 10-fold.

MC-ICPMS isotopic measurements are relative and require laboratory or international standards or reference materials whose isotopic values are known and / or certified (NIST). The “bracketing” protocol is generally used to characterize precisely the isotopic composition of a studied element and to take into account the instrumental drifts. It is possible to introduce into the plasma source solutions previously purified in a clean room but also a flow of helium gas which entails aerosols. Thus, isotopic measurements of some elements such as Sr, B or U in carbonates are performed after coupling with the laser ablation system Excimer NWR193 nm.

Others information

Nebulizers PFA 20, 50 ou 100 µL/min & micro-cyclonic chamber (solutions)
Desolvating inlet system APEX Omega and Omega HF & ARIDUS II + QuickWash (2 to 10 -fold sensitivity increase, solutions)
Jet-Interface installed in 2014 (reinforced sensitivity: from 2 to 5-fold, solutions)
Ablation laser Excimer ESI – NWR 193 nm (in-situ analysis, aerosols from solid materials)

Isotopic measurements performed by MC-ICPMS:

Solutions (after chemistry)

U, Th, Pa, Ra: U-series Geochronology, marine or continental Geochemistry ;
Sr, Nd and recently Pb for various natural materials: source determination, erosion, ocean circulation and dynamics, archeological studies ;
B and Li for carbonates or waters: paleo-pH and ocean acidification (carbon cycle), marine biogeochemistry ;
Other systems: Si, Fe, Cu, Zn, etc.

Solid matrix per Ablation laser (development in progress)

B (δ¹¹B), of Sr (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) and U (δ²³⁴U) in carbonates or silicates.

Contacts:

Instrumental responsible

Arnaud Dapoigny arnaud.dapoigny[a]lsce.ipsl.fr 01 69 08 04 70

Main Scientist responsible

Dr Eric Douville (B, Li, Sr) eric.douville[a]lsce.ipsl.fr 01 69 08 22 57

Other GEOPS-LSCE scientists involved:

Dr Christophe Colin (Nd, Sr), Dr Edwige Pons-Branchu (U, Th, Ra, Sr, Pb), Claire Rollion-Bard & François Thil (Laser), William Gray (B), Damien Guinoiseau (Pb).

Quantitative analysis of major and trace elements in various materials (waters, carbonates, sediments, rocks, etc). Pb isotope measurements and U / Th dating (carbonates-apatites)

2015-12-07T08:50:24+00:00

Inductively Coupled Plasma – Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer - ICP-QMS X-series^II CCT

Characteristics of Instrumentation:

The Inductively Coupled Plasma – Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer (ICP-QMS) X-series II CCT Thermo Fisher Scientific is dedicated to quantitative multi-element analysis. This instrument allows rapid (~ minute), precise (~ percent) and quasi-simultaneous determination of the content of many chemical elements of the Periodic Table from the majors to those present in trace amounts in natural samples (freshwater, seawater, plants, soils, carbonates, apatites, rocks, etc.) or for any other type of materials or solutions. In its basic configuration, this mass spectrometer offers detection limits lower than μg / L (ppb) for many elements in solution and can reach several 100 pg / L (ppq) for heavy elements such as Rare Earth Elements or Uranium. Two options improve its performance: i- the CCT collision cell eliminates polyatomic interferences, typically for elementary analysis with atomic mass between 40 and 80 (transition metals, metalloids such as As, Se) ; ii- an additional pumping called “option S” at the interface lowering the detection limit for some heavy elements (uranium) to a few pg / L.

Three major application domains are currently being developed at the LSCE: i- elementary or isotopic (Pb) characterization of samples dissolved in solution to trace erosion processes, study of particle mobility as well as determine their origins, and quantitatively monitor the dissemination of some heavy or toxic metals in the environment, particularly in urban environments ; ii- elementary characterization of marine or continental carbonates/apatite archives (corals, foraminifera, speleothems, teeth, etc.) for paleoceanography, climatology or archeological studies (marine geochemistry, ocean temperature, carbon cycle and ocean acidification, precipitation, etc.) ; and iii- U-series Geochronology and U-Th dating of carbonates (corals) or apatites (teeth).

Principle of Measurement:

The principle is based on dissociation of molecules, atomization and ionization of the elements present in a solution and injected into a "Plasma" source of argon at 6000-8000 °K and atmospheric pressure. After the formation of an ion beam via the interface (sampler and skimmer cones) during a progressive transition to a secondary vacuum, a Quadrupole separates the isotopes or ions at low resolution according the m/z ratio. The ions/isotopes are then detected by a discrete-dynode electron multiplier. The precise quantification of the contents of major and / or trace elements is obtained after calibration of the instrumentation (standard solutions known or certified). Depending on the matrix or nature of the samples analyzed, the elements studied and the degree of precision sought, different calibration methods are used (standard calibration curves, standard addition or matrix recomposition methods, “bracketing” approach).

Other informations

Nebulizers : PFA 20, 50 or 100 µL/min ; quartz 1 mL/mn (solutions);
Quartz micro-cyclonic spray chamber or conic chamber with impact bead (solutions);
Desolvating systems APEX HF (2 à 10-fold more sensitive, solutions) ;
Ablation laser Excimer ESI – NWR 193 nm (in-situ analysis, aerosols from solid materials).

Measurements performed by ICP-QMS:

Quantification of major and/or trace elements in waters, soils, rocks, carbonates (erosion / transfer of particles) ;
Relative measurement of Pb isotopes (source tracing) ;
Quantification of majors (Sr/Ca, Mg/Ca) and trace elements (Li/Mg; B/Ca; Ba/Ca, U/Ca, REE, etc.) present in carbonates like corals or speleothems (paleoceanography / climatology / carbon cycle) ;
Quantification of rare earths and other elements present as ultra-traces in seawater or sediments (characterization of materials or processes) ;
Relative measurement of U and Th isotopes for U-Th dating of corals, speleothems, teeth.

Contacts:

Delphine Thomas : delphine.thomas[a]lsce.ipsl.fr 01 69 08 33 77

Sophie Ayrault : sophie.ayrault[a]lsce.ipsl.fr 01 69 08 40 71

Eric Douville : eric.douville[a]lsce.ipsl.fr 01 69 08 22 57

14C dating ECHoMICADAS

2015-12-07T08:53:00+00:00

ECHoMICADAS - Environnement Climat et Homme « Micro Carbon Dating System »

ECHoMICADAS (Environment, Climate, Human, Micro CArbon DAting System) is an accelerator low energy coupled with an ultra-compacted mass spectrometer, allowing to analyze high precision isotopic 14C/12C ratios for gas or graphite samples. This instrument is dedicated to research activities, development and training, in geochemical and geochronological 14C activities, especially in environmental and human sciences.

ECHoMICADAS has been acquired in partnership with three laboratories : Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement (LSCE/IPSL), Laboratoire Géosciences Paris-Sud (GEOPS/IPSL) and the UMR 7209 « Archéozoologie Archéobotanique: sociétés, pratiques et environnements ». It is financed by the DIM Analytics (Région île de France), FEDER, BNP Paribas, Labex BCDiv and the administrative authorities of the laboratories (CEA, CNRS, MNHN, Paris XI).

The three associated research laboratories have the expertise to process all types of samples. They use extraction lines to convert the carbon of a sample in CO2 and reduction lines to graphitize these samples.

Contacts:

LSCE

Christine Hatté 01 69 08 00 52 - christine.hatte[a]lsce.ipsl.fr

Nadine Tisnérat-Laborde 01 69 08 04 21 - nadine.tisnerat[a]lsce.ipsl.fr
François Thil 01 69 08 04 22 / 01 69 08 38 70 - fthil[a]lsce.ipsl.fr

GEOPS

Marc Massault 01.69.15.49.18 - marc.massault[a]universite-paris-saclay.fr
Giuseppe Siani 01.69.15.67.89 – giuseppe.siani[a]universite-paris-saclay.fr

UMR 7209

Antoine Zazzo 01.40.79.33.13 - antoine.zazzo@mnhn.fr
Olivier Tombret 01.40.79.46.82 - otombret@mnhn.fr

Major to ultra-trace elemental and isotopic analysis in solution and by laser ablation

2015-12-10T08:18:31+00:00

High-resolution inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer Thermo element XR coupled to the last generation of excimer Laser ablation (LA-ICPMS-HR).

Description:

This magnetic sector mass spectrometer is dedicated to the elemental and isotopic analysis of major to ultra-trace ions, allowing to precisely separate ions at different levels (300, 4000 et 10000, at a highly better resolution than an ICP-QMS for instance), and thus to correct isobaric interferences. This instrument is characterized by a very low background noise and a very low detection level at 1 ppq (i.e., 10^-15g of element/g of sample) with a very stable signal (2% RSD per day). Protocols are very esay to adapt for the different kinds of use, allwing to measure major elements and isotopes (at about 1% RSD). The introduction system can be by a fast sample system for solutions, or by laser ablation of solid samples (Excimer 193 nm CETAC).

Analysis:

Different kinds of elements, isotopes and samples can be measured:

- Solutions et soils : dissolved metals from 0,1 µg/l to thousands of µg/l (Cu, Zn, Fe, As) and some isotope ratios (e.g., Pb). Analysis of micrometric particles.

- Seawater: Rare Earth Elements REE by direct injection.

- Biogenic carbonates (corals, foraminifers, sediments, calcite, dolomite…): minor and trace elements (ng/g : U, µg/g : B, Li, Cd, mg/g : Mg, Sr) in corals and very small samples (e.g., planktonic foraminifers: 100 µm, 10 µg ; benthic foraminifers: 100 µm, 50 µg) for elemental ratios (e.g., Li/Mg, B/Ca…), and Mg, Sr, Ba, U, Mn, REE concentrations at a percision level of about 0,5 %. U, Th and Pa isotopic ratios for U/Th dating of corals and ocean ventilation rates with a reproducibility of about 0,5 ‰.

- Minerals (apatite, zircon, diagenetic cements): major, minor and trace elements concentrations in solution and solids (laser), from very low concentrations (U, Th, REE in ppm, ppb for micrometric samples). Isopic ratios of U/Pb by laser ablation (ppm, 100 µm)

Contacts:

ICPMS : Sophie Sepulcre sophie.sepulcre@universite-paris-saclay.fr

Laser and ICPMS : Cécile Gautheron cecile.gautheron@universite-paris-saclay.fr

Laser: Guillaume Delpech guillaume.delpech@universite-paris-saclay.fr

Panoply - Water

Measurement of δ18O of liquid water and ice.

Isotope ratio mass spectrometer Finningan MAT252 coupled to an equilibration bench

Description of the instrument:

Principle of the analysis:

Type of analysis performed on this instrument:

This instrument is dedicated to the routine analysis of the oxygen isotopic composition (18O) of natural waters.

Contacts :

Measurement of δ18O and δ2H of liquid water and ice

Laser spectrometer for water isotope measurements Picarro (L2130-i)

Description of the instrument:

Principle of the analysis:

Type of analysis performed on this instrument:

Contacts :

Measurement of δ18O, δ17O and δ2H of liquid water and ice.

Laser spectrometer for water isotope measurements including 17O-excess Picarro (L2140-i)

Description of the instrument:

Principle of the analysis:

Type of analysis performed on this instrument:

Analytical precision:

1 = 0.2‰ for 18O

Contacts:

Measurement of δ15N - N2, δ18O - O2, δ40Ar/36Ar, δ40Ar/38Ar and δ17O - O2 in air.

Isotope ratio mass spectrometer MAT 253 / Possibility to couple it with extraction, purification and fluorination lines.

Description of the instrument :

Principe of the analysis:

Type of analysis performed on this instrument:

Contacts:

Analyzes of major cations and metallic elements concentrations in water and sediments or rocks

Agilent Technologies AAS 240 FS and GTA 120

Description of the instrument

Principle of analysis

Analyzes carried out on the instrument

Contacts

Fundings

Analyzes of the concentration of major anions in solution

Dionex ICS 1000

Description of instrument:

Principle of analysis:

Analyzes carried out on the instrument:

Contacts:

Fundings:

Isotopic analysis of U, Th, Pa, Pb, Ac, Ra, Sr, Nd, B and Li in various natural or archeological materials (carbonates, apatite, waters, sediments)

Multi-Collector - Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry

MC-ICPMS NeptunePlus Thermofisher Scientific

Characteristics of Instrumentation:

Principle of Measurement:

Others information

Isotopic measurements performed by MC-ICPMS:

Contacts:

Other GEOPS-LSCE scientists involved:

Quantitative analysis of major and trace elements in various materials (waters, carbonates, sediments, rocks, etc). Pb isotope measurements and U / Th dating (carbonates-apatites)

Inductively Coupled Plasma – Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer - ICP-QMS X-seriesII CCT

Characteristics of Instrumentation:

Principle of Measurement:

Measurements performed by ICP-QMS:

Contacts:

14C dating ECHoMICADAS

ECHoMICADAS - Environnement Climat et Homme « Micro Carbon Dating System »

Contacts:

LSCE

GEOPS

UMR 7209

Major to ultra-trace elemental and isotopic analysis in solution and by laser ablation

Description:

Analysis:

Contacts:

This instrument is dedicated to the routine analysis of the oxygen isotopic composition (¹⁸O) of natural waters.

1 = 0.2‰ for ¹⁸O

MC-ICPMS Neptune^Plus Thermofisher Scientific

Inductively Coupled Plasma – Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer - ICP-QMS X-series^II CCT